Descriptive chemistry includes predicting products
and periodic trends, which were covered in previous
tutorials.
Colored compounds
There are several common colored compounds�both soluble and
insoluble
| Colored soluble
compounds |
Colored insoluble
compounds |
| Soluble copper salts are
blue/green |
AgCl is white |
| Fe salts are red/brown |
Chromate precipitates are
orange |
| Cobalt salts are blue |
Dichromate precipitates are
yellow |
| Complex ions are often
colored |
Hydroxide precipitates are
white |
Transition metals are often colored.
Many oxides produce colored compounds
| Oxide |
Color |
| Titanium oxide |
White |
| Copper oxide |
Green (patina) |
| Iron oxide |
Red (rust) |
| Silve oxide |
Black (tarnish) |
Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing molecules.
Simple organic compounds can be found on the AP Exam. Compounds
that contain only hydrogen and carbon are hydrocarbons, but many
organic molecules contain functional groups. The most common,
simple functional groups:
Haloalkane: Halogen replacing a hydrogen on the hydrocarbon;
Alcohol: �-OH� replacing a hydrogen on the hydrocarbon; Carboxylic
acid: �-COOH� replacing a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon
Properties of organic chemistry
Most are insoluble in water, except: The smallest hydrocarbons
and molecules that are polar or have the ability to hydrogen-bond
(especially the smaller ones). When they do dissolve in water, they
do not dissociate except for carboxylic acids, which are weak acids.
Hydrocarbons: Low melting/boiling points, London Dispersion
Forces only, insoluble in water
Haloalkanes: Polar molecules, can exhibit dipole IMF, have higher
melting/boiling points than hydrocarbons and are more soluble in
water.
Alcohols: polar molecules, can exhibit dipole & hydrogen bonding
IMF, have higher melting/boiling points than hydrocarbons and are
more soluble
Carboxylic acids: polar molecules, can exhibit dipole & hydrogen
bonding IMF�s, having higher melting/boiling points and are more
soluble. Are weak acids�dissociate weakly.
Naming simple organic compounds
Carbons are counted in the longest chain, starting from the
carbon closest to the functional group.
Prefixes are used to denote number of carbons
| Number |
Prefix |
| 1 |
Meth- |
| 2 |
Eth- |
| 3 |
Prop- |
| 4 |
But- |
| 5 |
Pent- |
| 6 |
Hex- |
| 7 |
Hept- |
| 8 |
Oct- |
| 9 |
Non- |
| 10 |
Dec- |
Suffixes are used for functional groups:
| Type |
Suffix |
| Alkane |
-ane |
| Alkene |
-ene |
| Alkyne |
-yne |
| Alcohol |
-ol |
| Carboxylic acid |
-ic acid |
