| Drug Name |
Category |
Comments |
| Gentamicin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Bacterial
Synthesis Inhitor; Aminoglycoside |
Older drug. Popular choice for gram-negatives, in
combination with penicillins. |
|
| Kanamycin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Bacterial
Synthesis Inhitor; Aminoglycoside |
Older drug. Now only used as topical agent, due to
severity of adverse effects. |
| Neomycin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Bacterial
Synthesis Inhitor; Aminoglycoside |
Now only used as topical agent, due to
severity of adverse effects. |
| Netilmicin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Bacterial
Synthesis Inhitor; Aminoglycoside |
Newest agents. Currently effective against strains that
are resistant to the other aminoglycosides. |
| Tobramycin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Bacterial
Synthesis Inhitor; Aminoglycoside |
Newer drug. Popular choice for gram-negatives, in
combination with penicillins. Slightly less nephrotoxic than gentamicin. |
| Streptomycin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Bacterial
Synthesis Inhitor; Aminoglycoside
Anti-Mycobacterial; 1st-line |
IM. Older drug with severe adverse effects. Now has
widespread resistance. First-line drug for TB infections. |
| Nitrofurantoin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Bacterial
UTI Antiseptic |
Used solely for treatment of UTI's.
Cleared extremely quickly to urine, where it can have bacteriostatic or
bactericidal effects. Mech = formation of oxidative intermediates in
urinary tract. |
| Flucytosine |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal |
Gets into CNS. Converted to 5-fluorocytosine
by fungal enzymes, then it inhibits thymidilate synthetase and DNA
synthesis. Resistance develops rapidly, so it is used in conjunction
with Amphotericin-B.
Relatively non-toxic. May see alopecia, bone-marrow suppression. |
| Griseofulvin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal |
It binds to fungal microtubules, inhibiting their
growth. It is only effective for skin infections.
It is given PO and binds to keratin,
thus it concentrates in skin. High fat meal increases absorption.
Indications: skin infections, ring worm, athlete's foot. Adverse
effects: allergic reactions, headache, malaise. |
| Potassium Iodide (KI) |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal |
Singularly effective against Sporothrix Schenkii
cutaneous infection. |
| Fluconazole |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal
Imidazole (Systemic) |
Pharmacokinetics: PO or IV. Readily enters CNS. Inhibits
Cyt-P450 in liver. Primarily urinary excretion.
Adverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity, nausea and vomiting.
Indicated for Cryptococcal Meningitis. |
| Itraconazole |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal
Imidazole (Systemic) |
Broader spectrum and fewer adverse effects than
ketoconazole. |
| Ketoconazole |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal
Imidazole (Systemic) |
Pharmacokinetics: PO, with good oral absorption.
Inhibits Cyt-P450 in liver. Biliary excretion.
Adverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity, gynecomastia,
thrombophlebitis.
Can be used in treatment of prostate cancer, due to anti-androgenic
effects. |
| UK-109,496 |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal
Imidazole (Systemic) |
Experimental imidazole that binds so strongly to
ergosterol, it is classified as fungicidal. Broad-spectrum of action,
and effective against Aspergillus. |
| Miconazole |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal
Imidazole (Topical, Systemic) |
Pharmacokinetics: Topical or IV. Not
absorbed orally. Biliary excretion.x
Adverse Effects: Nausea and vomiting when given IV.
It potentiates warfarin. |
| Clotrimazole |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal
Imidazole (Topical) |
Topical use only. Not absorbed orally. |
| Amphotericin B |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal
Polyene |
Attacks ergosterol causing cell lysis. Broad-spectrum.
Is not absorbed orally. Given IV for systemic infections, but doesn't
readily penetrate CNS.
Adverse Effects: "Amphoterrible" fever, chills,
nephrotoxicity, anemia, hepatotoxicity. |
| Nystatin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Fungal
Polyene (Topical) |
Topical use only. Drug
is not absorbed orally, and side-effects are too severe for systemic
use. Available OTC for dermal fungal infections, or used orally for
intraluminal GI fungal overgrowth infections. Can also be used for
intestinal amebiasis. |
| Mebendazole |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Helminthitic |
Given PO, but only about 10% is absorbed (poorly
absorbed). It inhibits microtubule synthesis
in nematodes. Indicated for pinworms,
hookworms, ascariasis. |
| Piperazine |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Helminthitic |
Mech: It inhibits acetylcholine in
helminths (non-depolarizing blockade). It thus antagonizes the
effects of Pyrantel Pamoate. |
| Praziquantel |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Helminthitic |
Well-absorbed orally. It increases
permeability of helminthitic cell membrane to calcium,
causing contraction, paralysis, death. Indicated for
Schistosomiasis and other fluke infections. |
| Pyrantel Pamoate |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Helminthitic |
Poorly absorbed orally. Triggers the
release of acetylcholine in helminths, causing depolarizing
neuromuscular blockade, paralysis. Indicated for broad-spectrum
treatment of luminal intestinal infections. Ascariasis,
pinworm. |
| Thiabendazole |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Helminthitic |
Well-absorbed orally. It blocks
microtubule synthesis., and may also inhibit fumarate reductase
in the parasite. Indicated for nematode infections. |
| Amodiaquine |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Malarial |
Blood schizonticide. |
| Mefloquine |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Malarial |
Only PO. Primarily used for prophylaxis and treatment of
Chloroquine-resistant P. Falciparum strains. Adverse Effects:
Can have bad CNS and psychological effects. |
| Primaquine |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Malarial |
It is the one and only tissue schizonticide,
required for treatment of P. Ovale and P. Vivax
hypnozoite (dormant) tissue-infections. Adverse Effects:
Hemolytic anemia in persons with G6PD-Deficiency. |
| Pyrimethamine |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Malarial |
Inhibits Plasmodium dihydrofolate
reductase, similar to trimepthoprim. Indicated for treatment of
Chloroquine-resistant P. Falciparum. Adverse Effects:
Anti-Folate effects, megaloblastic anemia. |
| Quinidine Gluconate |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Malarial |
|
| Chloroquine |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Malarial
Anti-Inflammatory; Anti-Arthritis |
Usually PO, also IV, IM. Most popular blood
schizonticide. Extensive tissue binding requires large loading dose.
Resistance is common and occurs by P. Falciparum making
phosphoglycoprotein pumps to pump out the drug. Adverse Effects:
generally well-tolerated; long-term retinopathyy, myopathy, ototoxicity.
Also: Low dose, long-term treatment for RA refractory to treatment
with NSAID's. |
| Fansidar (Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine) |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Malarial
Anti-Protozoal |
Similar to Co-Trimoxazole, except for parasites.
Pyrimethamine: inhibit dihydrofolate reductase. Sulfadoxine: inhibit
dihydropteroate synthetase.
Slow-acting, and resistance can be a problem. |
| Diloxanide Furoate |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Protozoal |
Given orally, Diloxinide is the active drug, released by
gut bacteria. Mild drug used to combat intestinal amebiasis.
Well-tolerated. |
| Melarsoprol |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Protozoal |
Indicated for the late meningeal stages of
Trypanosomiasis (T. Gambiense). |
| Nifurtimox |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Protozoal |
Indicates for Chagas Disease (T.
Cruzi) |
| Paromomycin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Protozoal |
Indicated for intestinal amebiasis. |
| Pentamidine |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Protozoal |
IM or aerosol; not absorbed orally. Indications:
Trypanosomiasis, first-line therapy for
Pneumocystic Cariini infection in AIDS patients.
Second-line therapy for many other parasitic infections.
Adverse Effects: Histamine degranulation can lead to
life-threatening hypotension. Also can see hypoglycemia or
hyperglycemia, TPP, nephrotoxicity, anemia. |
| Sodium Stibogluconate |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Protozoal |
Indicated for Leshmaniasis. |
| Suramin |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Protozoal |
Indicated for Tryanosomiasis. |
| Metronidazole |
Anti-Microbial; Anti-Parasitic
Anti-Protozoal
Anti-Bacterial |
Mech: Parasites reduce a nitro group on the drug and
form oxidative intermediates that do oxidative damage.
Indicated for a wide variety of intestinal and tissue parasitic
infections: Trichomoniasis, Giardiasis, Amebiasis, Leshmaniasis.
Also indicated for treating Bacteroides and
other serious anaerobic bacterial infections. |
