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Home » GATE Study Material » Civil Engineering » Applications of the Bernoulli Equation

Applications of the Bernoulli Equation

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Applications of the Bernoulli Equation

Applications of the Bernoulli Equation

The Bernoulli equation can be applied to a great many situations not just the pipe flow we have been considering up to now. In the following sections we will see some examples of its application to flow measurement from tanks, within pipes as well as in open channels.

1. Pitot Tube

If a stream of uniform velocity flows into a blunt body, the stream lines take a pattern similar to this:

 

 

Streamlines around a blunt body

Note how some move to the left and some to the right. But one, in the centre, goes to the tip of the blunt body and stops. It stops because at this point the velocity is zero - the fluid does not move at this one point. This point is known as the stagnation point.

From the Bernoulli equation we can calculate the pressure at this point. Apply Bernoulli along the central streamline from a point upstream where the velocity is u1 and the pressure p1 to the stagnation point of the blunt body where the velocity is zero, u2 = 0. Also z1 = z2.

 

This increase in pressure which bring the fluid to rest is called the dynamic pressure.

Dynamic pressure =

or converting this to head (using )

Dynamic head =

The total pressure is know as the stagnation pressure (or total pressure)

Stagnation pressure =

or in terms of head

Stagnation head =

The blunt body stopping the fluid does not have to be a solid. I could be a static column of fluid. Two piezometers, one as normal and one as a Pitot tube within the pipe can be used in an arrangement shown below to measure velocity of flow.

 

 

A Piezometer and a Pitot tube

Using the above theory, we have the equation for p2 ,

 

We now have an expression for velocity obtained from two pressure measurements and the application of the Bernoulli equation.

2. Pitot Static Tube

The necessity of two piezometers and thus two readings make this arrangement a little awkward. Connecting the piezometers to a manometer would simplify things but there are still two tubes. The Pitot static tube combines the tubes and they can then be easily connected to a manometer. A Pitot static tube is shown below. The holes on the side of the tube connect to one side of a manometer and register the static head, (h1), while the central hole is connected to the other side of the manometer to register, as before, the stagnation head (h2).

 

 

A Pitot-static tube

Consider the pressures on the level of the centre line of the Pitot tube and using the theory of the manometer,

 

We know that , substituting this in to the above gives

 

The Pitot/Pitot-static tubes give velocities at points in the flow. It does not give the overall discharge of the stream, which is often what is wanted. It also has the drawback that it is liable to block easily, particularly if there is significant debris in the flow.

3. Venturi Meter

The Venturi meter is a device for measuring discharge in a pipe. It consists of a rapidly converging section which increases the velocity of flow and hence reduces the pressure. It then returns to the original dimensions of the pipe by a gently diverging 'diffuser' section. By measuring the pressure differences the discharge can be calculated. This is a particularly accurate method of flow measurement as energy loss are very small.

 

 

A Venturi meter

Applying Bernoulli along the streamline from point 1 to point 2 in the narrow throat of the Venturi meter we have

 

By the using the continuity equation we can eliminate the velocity u2,

 

Substituting this into and rearranging the Bernoulli equation we get

 

To get the theoretical discharge this is multiplied by the area. To get the actual discharge taking in to account the losses due to friction, we include a coefficient of discharge

 

This can also be expressed in terms of the manometer readings

 

Thus the discharge can be expressed in terms of the manometer reading::

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