Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. Current North American and
international usage is estrogen, gonadotropin, while British usage retains the
Greek
diphthong in oestrogen and favors the earlier spelling gonadotrophin (from
trophē �nourishment, sustenance� rather than tropē �turning,
change�.
| Structure |
Name |
Abbr
-ev
ia
-tion |
Tissue |
Cells |
Mecha -nism |
Effect |
| amine - tryptophan |
Melatonin
(N -acetyl
-5
-methox
-ytryp -tamine) |
|
pineal
gland |
pinealocyte |
|
antioxidant
and
causes
drowsiness |
| amine - tryptophan |
Serotonin |
5-HT |
CNS,
GI tract |
entero
-chromaffin
cell |
|
Controls
mood,
appetite,
and sleep |
| amine - tyrosine |
Thyroxine
(or
tetraiodo -thyronine)
(a
thyroid
hormone) |
T4 |
thyroid
gland |
thyroid epithelial cell |
direct |
less active
form of
thyroid
hormone: increase the
basal
metabolic
rate
& sensitivity
to
catecho
-lamines,
affect
protein
synthesis |
| amine - tyrosine |
Triiodo -thyronine
(a
thyroid hormone) |
T3 |
thyroid
gland |
thyroid epithelial cell |
direct |
potent form of
thyroid hormone: increase the
basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to
catecholamines,
affect
protein synthesis |
| amine - tyrosine (cat) |
Epine
-phrine
(or
adren
-aline) |
EPI |
adrenal medulla |
chromaffin cell |
|
Fight -or -flight response:
Boosts the supply of
oxygen
and
glucose to the
brain and
muscles (by increasing
heart rate and
stroke volume,
vasodilation, increasing
catalysis of
glycogen in liver, breakdown of
lipids in
fat
cells. dilate the
pupils
Suppress non -emergency bodily processes (e.g.
digestion) Suppress
immune system |
| amine - tyrosine (cat) |
Norepi -nephrine
(or
nora -drenaline) |
NRE |
adrenal medulla |
chromaffin cell |
|
Fight-or-flight response:
Boosts the supply of
oxygen
and
glucose to the
brain and
muscles (by increasing
heart rate and
stroke volume,
vaso -constriction and increased
blood pressure, breakdown of
lipids in
fat
cells. Increase
skeletal muscle readiness. |
| amine - tyrosine (cat) |
Dopamine
(or
prolactin inhibiting hormone |
DPM, PIH
or
DA |
kidney
,
hypo
- thalamus |
Chromaffin cells in kidney
Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus in hypo -thalamus |
|
Increase
heart rate and
blood pressure
Inhibit release of
prolactin and
TRH from
anterior pituitary |
| peptide |
Anti -mullerian
hormone
(or
mullerian inhibiting factor or hormone) |
AMH |
testes |
Sertoli cell |
|
Inhibit release of
prolactin and
TRH from
anterior pituitary |
| peptide |
Adiponectin |
Acrp
-30 |
adipose tissue |
|
|
|
| peptide |
Adreno
-cortic -otropic
hormone
(or
cortico
-tropin) |
ACTH |
anterior pituitary |
corticotrope |
cAMP |
synthesis of
corti -costeroids (glucocorticoids
and
androgens) in
adreno -cortical cells |
| peptide |
Angio -tensinogen and
angiotensin |
AGT |
liver |
|
IP3 |
vaso - constriction
release of
aldosterone from
adrenal cortex
dipsogen. |
| peptide |
Anti -
diuretic
hormone (or
vasopressin,
arginine
vasopressin) |
ADH |
posterior pituitary |
Parvo
-cellular
neuro
-secretory
neurons in
hypo
-thalamus
Magno -cellular neuro - secretory cells in posterior pituitary |
varies |
retention of water in
kidneys
moderate
vaso - constriction
Release
ACTH in
anterior pituitary |
| peptide |
Atrial - natriuretic peptide (or
atriopeptin) |
ANP |
heart |
|
cGMP |
|
| peptide |
Calcitonin |
CT |
thyroid
gland |
parafo
-llicular cell |
cAMP |
Construct bone, reduce blood
Ca2+ |
| peptide |
Chole - cystokinin |
CCK |
duo
-denum |
|
|
Release of digestive
enzymes
from
pancreas
Release of
bile from
gallbladder
hunger
suppressant |
| peptide |
Corti - cotropin-releasing hormone |
CRH |
hypo
- thalamus |
|
cAMP |
Release
ACTH from
anterior pituitary |
| peptide |
Eryth - ropoietin |
EPO |
kidney |
Extraglo
-merular
mesangial
cells |
|
Stimulate
erythrocyte production |
| peptide |
Follicle
-stimu
-lating hormone |
FSH |
anterior pituitary |
gonado
-trope |
cAMP |
In female: stimulates maturation of
Graafian
follicles in
ovary.
In male:
sper -matogenesis, enhances production of
androgen-binding protein by the
Sertoli cells of the
testes |
| peptide |
Gastrin |
GRP |
stomach
,
duo
-denum |
G cell |
|
Secretion of
gastric acid by
parietal cells |
| peptide |
Ghrelin |
|
stomach |
P/D1 cell |
|
Stimulate
appetite,
secretion of
growth hormone from
anterior
pituitary
gland |
| peptide |
Glucagon |
GCG |
pancreas |
alpha cells |
cAMP |
glyco -genolysis and
gluco -neogenesis in
liver
increases blood glucose level |
| peptide |
Gonado
-tropin -releasing
hormone |
GnRH |
hypo
-thalamus |
|
IP3 |
Release of
FSH and
LH from
ante
- rior pit
- uitary. |
| peptide |
Growth hormone-releasing hormone |
GHRH |
hypo
-thalamus |
|
IP3 |
Release
GH from
ante
-rior pit
-uitary |
| peptide |
Human chorionic gonado
-tropin |
hCG |
placenta |
syncy
-tiotro
-phoblast
cells |
cAMP |
promote maintenance of
corpus luteum during beginning of
pregnancy
Inhibit
immune response, towards the
human embryo. |
| peptide |
Human placental lactogen |
HPL |
placenta |
|
|
increase production of
insulin
and
IGF-1
increase
insulin resistance and
carbohydrate intolerance |
| peptide |
Growth hormone |
GH or hGH |
anterior pituitary |
somato
-tropes |
|
stimulates
growth and
cell reproduction
Release
Insulin -like growth factor 1 from
liver |
| peptide |
Inhibin |
|
testes
,
ovary
,
fetus |
Sertoli
cells
of testes
granulosa
cells of
ovary
tropho
-blasts
in fetus |
anterior pituitary |
Inhibit prod -uction of
FSH |
| peptide |
Insulin |
INS |
pancreas |
beta cells |
tyrosine kinase |
Intake of
glucose,
glyco -genesis and
glycolysis in
liver and
muscle
from blood
intake of
lipids and synthesis of
triglycerides in
adipocytes Other
anabolic effects |
| peptide |
Insulin -like growth factor (or somatomedin) |
IGF |
liver |
Hepatocytes |
tyrosine kinase |
insulin -like effects
regulate
cell growth and development |
| peptide |
Leptin |
LEP |
adipose tissue |
|
|
decrease of
appetite and increase of
metabolism. |
| peptide |
Luteinizing hormone |
LH |
anterior pituitary |
gonado
-tropes |
cAMP |
In female:
ovulation
In male: stimulates
Leydig cell production of
testosterone |
