| Structure |
Name |
Abbrev-
iation |
Tissue |
Cells |
Mecha -nism |
Effect |
| peptide |
Melanocyte
stimulating
hormone |
MSH or α-MSH |
anterior pituitary/pars
intermedia |
Melan
-otroph |
cAMP |
melanogenesis by
melanocytes in
skin and
hair |
| peptide |
Orexin |
|
hypothalamus |
|
|
wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite |
| peptide |
Oxytocin |
OXT |
posterior pituitary |
Magno
-cellular
neuro
-secretory
cells |
IP3 |
release breast milk
Contraction of
cervix
and vagina
Involved in
orgasm, trust between people.
and
circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level,
wakefulness) . |
| peptide |
Parathyroid
hormone |
PTH |
parathyroid gland |
parathyroid chief cell |
cAMP |
increase blood
Ca2+:
*indirectly stimulate
osteoclasts
- Ca2+ reabsorption in
kidney
- activate
vitamin D
(Slightly) decrease blood
phosphate:
- (decreased reuptake in
kidney
but increased uptake from bones
- activate
vitamin D)
|
| peptide |
Prolactin |
PRL |
anterior
pituitary
,
uterus |
lactotrophs
of
anterior
pituitary
Decidual
cells of
uterus |
|
milk production in
mammary glands
sexual
gratification after
sexual acts |
| peptide |
Relaxin |
RLN |
uterus |
Decidual
cells |
|
Unclear in humans |
| peptide |
Secretin |
SCT |
duodenum |
S cell |
|
Secretion of
bicarbonate from
liver,
pancreas and duodenal
Brunner's glands
Enhances effects of
cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice |
| peptide |
Somatostatin |
SRIF |
hypothal
amus,
islets of Langerhans,
gastrointestinal system |
delta cells in islets
Neuro
-endocrince cells of the
Periven
-tricular
nucleus in
hypothalamus |
|
Inhibit release of
GH and
TRH from
anterior pituitary
Suppress release of
gastrin,
cholecystokinin (CCK),
secretin,
motilin,
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP),
gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP),
enteroglucagon in
gastrointestinal system
Lowers rate of gastric emptying
Reduces
smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine
Inhibit release of
insulin
from
beta cells
Inhibit release of
glucagon from
beta cells
Suppress the exocrine secretory action of
pancreas. |
| peptide |
Throm
-bopoietin |
TPO |
liver,
kidney,
striated muscle |
Myocytes |
produce
platelets |
| peptide |
Thyroid
-stimulating
hormone
(or
thyrotropin) |
TSH |
anterior pituitary |
thyrotropes |
cAMP |
secrete
thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3) |
| peptide |
Thyrotropin
-releasing
hormone |
TRH |
hypothalamus |
Parvocellular neuro
-secretory neurons |
IP3 |
Release
thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily)
Stimulate
prolactin release |
| steroid -
glu. |
Cortisol |
|
adrenal cortex (zona
fasciculata and
zona reticularis cells) |
|
direct |
Stimulation of
gluconeogenesis
Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and
adipose tissue Mobilization of
amino acids from
extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of
fat breakdown in adipose tissue
anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive |
steroid -
min. |
Aldosterone |
|
adrenal cortex (zona
glomerulosa) |
|
direct |
Increase
blood volume by reabsorption of
sodium
in
kidneys (primarily)
Potassium and
H+ secretion in kidney. |
| steroid - sex (and) |
Testosterone |
|
testes |
Leydig cells |
direct |
Anabolic: growth of
muscle mass and strength, increased
bone density, growth and strength,
Virilizing:
maturation of
sex organs, formation of
scrotum,
deepening of voice, growth of
beard and
axillary hair. |
| steroid - sex (and) |
Dehydro
-epiandro
-sterone |
DHEA |
testes,
ovary,
kidney |
Zona fasciculata and
Zona reticularis cells of kidney
theca cells of ovary
Leydig cellss of testes |
direct |
Virilization,
anabolic |
| steroid - sex (and) |
Andro
-stenedione |
|
adrenal glands,
gonads |
|
direct |
Substrate for
estrogen |
| steroid - sex (and) |
Dihydro
-testosterone |
DHT |
multiple |
|
direct |
produce platelets
|
